Reilly Stephens, lauya a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Liberty, ya ce "Dokar Gyara ta Hudu na ƙarni na ashirin da gaske an rubuta ta don duniya kafin kwamfuta," in ji Reilly Stephens, lauya a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Liberty, a farkon wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba. "An rubuta shi a zahiri kafin kowane nau'in kwamfutoci na zamani - tabbas kafin wayoyin hannu da duk waɗannan abubuwan - kuma akwai waɗannan zato da aka gina a cikin doka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin albarkatu."
"[Samuel] Alito yayi magana game da wannan a cikin haɗin gwiwa a cikin Jones…” in ji Stephens, yayin da yake magana kan Kotun Koli ta 2012 harka game da sanya na'urar bin diddigin GPS akan mota ta jami'an tsaro. "[Alito] ya ce a da muna cewa 'yan sanda na iya kallon duk wani abu da kuke yi a bainar jama'a saboda idan kuna cikin jama'a ba ku da wani tsammanin sirri."
Duk wani sirri a cikin jama'ar Amurkawa suna tunanin suna da kafin shekarun kwamfutoci na zamani da jerin abubuwan haɗin kai masu rahusa da ke tasowa daga ƙaƙƙarfan albarkatu, in ji Stephens.
Halin da ke tsakanin jami'an tsaro, Stephens ya lura, shine "Ee za mu iya sanya muku wutsiya, [amma] jiki ne. Wannan dan sanda ne wanda zai kasance [bin ku] 24/7… Za ku yi hakan ne kawai idan kuna da wani wanda kuke da dalilin bi."
Don haka matsalar kayan aikin sa ido na zamani, in ji Stephens, “da gaske ta zo ne kan yadda ƙananan farashin sa ido ke zama.”
A yau jami'an tsaro na zamani suna da kowane irin kayan aikin sa ido maras tsada a wurinsu: gane fuska, jirage marasa matuka, simulators tantanin halitta, na'urorin gano harbin bindiga, Da kuma Kara. Yawancin waɗannan na'urori a halin yanzu ana amfani da su ta hanyar tilasta doka tare da ƙaramin tsari ko kulawa. Don nanata wani batu da na yi a cikin wani Labari domin Jaridar Brownstone A farkon wannan shekara, ko yanayin sa ido da gaske shine ƙarshen burin yana da wuya a faɗi, kodayake wannan ita ce hanyar da muke tafiya.
Stephens, duk da haka, tare da lauyan Cibiyar Shari'a ta Liberty, Jeffrey M. Schwab, suna fatan yin nasu bangaren don canza wannan farawa a jihar Illinois.
Scholl da 'Yan sandan Jihar Illinois
A farkon lokacin rani, Stephens da Schwab sun shigar da karar a ƙara, Scholl da 'Yan sandan Jihar Illinois, wanda ke ɗaukar amfani da masu karanta faranti ta atomatik (ALPRs) ta 'yan sandan Jihar Illinois - ɗaya daga cikin hukumomin tilasta bin doka da yawa a Illinois zuwa rungumi waɗannan na'urori a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.
ALPRs ne "tsari mai sauri, tsarin kyamarar kwamfuta" wanda "yana ɗaukar duk lambobin lambar lasisin da aka shigo da su ta atomatik, tare da wurin, kwanan wata, da lokaci" kafin loda wannan bayanin zuwa bayanan da za'a iya nema.
Takamammen shirin da Stephens da Schwab suka yi niyya an fara shi ne tun daga 2019. Tamara Clayton Expressway Dokar Kamara wadannan da harbi mai kisa na ma'aikacin gidan waya Tamara Clayton akan babbar hanyar Illinois. An ce tsarin ya kasance kafa a matsayin hanyar taimakawa binciken laifuka da kuma rage munanan laifuka.
A karshen 2022, akwai ALPRs 300 shigar a kan manyan hanyoyin Illinois a ciki da wajen Chicago saboda wannan yanki na doka. A wannan shekarar ma, shirin ya kasance kumbura don haɗa da ƙarin gundumomi 21 da kuma Lake Shore Drive na Chicago. A matsayin kariya ga keɓantawa, “Shafin Fassara Mai Karatun Lasisin Lasisin Automated” na ‘Yan sandan Jihar Illinois jihohin bayanan da aka tattara ta wannan shirin ana adana su ne kawai na kwanaki 90.
Duk da haka, ga Stephens da Schwab, shirin ya ƙunshi "bincike marar hankali" wanda ya saba wa Kwaskwarima na Hudu.
Dangane da korafin nasu, tattarawa da adana waɗannan bayanan suna ba 'yan sandan jihar Illinois damar bin diddigin "duk wanda ke tuƙi zuwa aiki a Cook County [yankin da yawancin Chicago da yawancin kewayenta suke] - ko zuwa makaranta, ko kantin kayan miya, ko ofishin likita, ko kantin magani, ko gangamin siyasa, ko wani dalili na soyayya, ko dangi… wasu 'yan kasa na iya zama makasudin aiwatar da doka da ya dace."
A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Satumba ta hanyar Zoom, duka biyu Stephanie Scholl da Frank Bednarz, mazauna Illinois da masu gabatar da kara a cikin shari'ar, sun lura cewa duk da cewa ba su da adawa da amfani da ALPRs, amma sun damu da yawancin al'amuran shirin da su da lauyoyinsu ke fada.
Bednarz ya ba da shawarar cewa duk da cewa Chicago na iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin biranen da aka fi sa ido a duniya, yawancin 'yan ƙasa da ke balaguro a ciki da kewayen yankin Chicago ba su san cewa 'yan sandan jihar suna da waɗannan kyamarori waɗanda kawai ke sa ido kan duk zirga-zirgar ababen hawa.
Ya kuma bayyana damuwa cewa tilasta bin doka a Illinois ya bayyana "kamar samun hankali a kan wanda za su bi don aikata laifuka" da kuma cewa ALPRs neatly tattara babban adadin bayanai don tilasta bin doka don daga baya "ya zagaya" don kuma "fitar da kifi" ayyukan da ba sa so.
Scholl ta ce tana son ganin "iyakoki kan amfani da [bayanai daga ALPRs], kan ta yaya za a iya aika bayanan, tsawon lokacin da za a adana, da kuma wanda za a iya isa gare shi."
Dukansu Scholl da Bednarz sun nuna cewa idan shirin ya ci gaba za su so a sanya wani nau'i na garanti.
Wannan shi ne abin da Stephens ya ce shi da Schwab suka nemi a cikin umarninsu na farko, wanda ya ce "kariya ce kawai yayin da shari'ar ta ci gaba."
A aikace, Stephens ya ce, wannan yana nufin 'yan sandan jihar Illinois za su iya ci gaba da amfani da tsarin a halin yanzu, amma "dole ne su sami sammacin shiga da gaske don nemo motsin kowa."
"A cikin dogon lokaci..." Stephens ya ce, "akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a sami hanyoyin gyara na Hudu a nan inda kuke da tsari na garanti kuma watakila hakan yana aiki."
"Akwai matsala ta asali ko da yake tare da waɗannan tsarin saboda Kwaskwarima na Hudu ya kamata ya buƙaci musamman," in ji shi.
Don kwatanta manufar, Stephens ya yi amfani da misalin binciken gidan mutum. Idan 'yan sanda "suna binciken gidanku don neman makamin kisan kai ko… suna neman gidan ku da kwayoyi, bai kamata su shiga cikin aljihunan rigar ku kawai suna neman duk abin da za su iya samu ba."
Abin da 'yan sandan Jihar Illinois ke yi tare da ALPRs, Stephens ya ce, "ba musamman a zuciyata ba," ko da yake ya kara da cewa, "Idan mafi munin yanayin mu shine za mu iya samun wasu tsarin tsarin mulki da wasu buƙatun da aka yi amfani da su ga waɗannan shirye-shiryen, ina tsammanin hakan zai zama kyakkyawan farawa."
Dangane da nisa da shari'ar ke tafiya da ƙarshen sakamakonsa, duk da haka, abin da Stephens, Schwab, da abokan cinikinsu ke yi a Illinois yana da yuwuwar yin tasiri ga amfani da ALPRs da sauran na'urorin sa ido gabaɗaya.
Kwaskwari na Hudu Ya Kamata Ya Aiwatar da Fasahar Sa Ido ta Zamani
In Scholl da 'Yan sandan Jihar Illinois, Stephens ya ce, "Muna neman sanin abin da muke tunani [wani] tsawaita shari'o'in Kotun Koli da ke akwai."
Jones, Stephens ya ce, yana "game da sanya na'urar bin diddigin GPS a ƙarƙashin maƙasudin wani." Abin da ya yi hasarar shari’ar ga gwamnati, a cewar Stephens, shi ne yadda babban mai shari’a John Roberts ya fahimci cewa gwamnati na da’awar sanya irin wannan na’urar a karkashin kogin kowa ba tare da izini ba, ciki har da nasa. Koyaya, in ji Stephens, yana da mahimmanci a lura, “Babban ra'ayi a cikin Jones haƙiƙa ya dogara ne akan keta haddi na haɗa abin dijital ga motar. "
bayan Jones, in ji Stephens, akwai wasu lokuta game da fasaha. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan, in ji shi, shine Riley da California, wanda ya shafi bincikar bayanan da aka adana ba tare da garanti ba.
Babban lamarin a cikin wannan layin, duk da haka, shine 2018's Kafinta v. Amurka, wanda ya shafi yadda jami'an tsaro ke amfani da bayanan wurin tarihin wayar salula.
"Masassaƙa shi ne karo na farko da [Kotun Koli] ta gane babbar matsala tare da tattara bayanan metadata don bin diddigin mutane..." in ji Stephens. Masassaƙa in ji…[gwamnatin] ba za ta iya ɗaukar waɗannan manyan tarin bayanan da muke cewa ba wani babban al'amari ba ne…[saboda lokacin da] muka tattara su gaba ɗaya kun ƙirƙiri wannan cikakkiyar taswirar ƙungiyoyin mutane."
Da yake komawa kan nasa shari’ar, Stephens ya ce, abin da shi da Schwab suke yi shi ne cewa shirin ALPR na ‘yan sandan Jihar Illinois ya yi kama da abin da aka yanke masa hukunci a kai. Masassaƙa kamar yadda ya haɗa da bin diddigin mutane marasa garanti ta hanyar tattara bayanai kan motsin su na tsawon lokaci ta hanyar da ke ba jami'an tsaro damar sake gina cikakken hoto na rayuwarsu sannan "daga baya yanke shawarar wane a cikinmu ba sa so."
Wannan ya ce "hakika irin wannan abu ne Masassaƙa bai kamata ba."
If Scholl da Illinois yana da nasara, in ji Stephens, yana da damar ci gaba da me Masassaƙa ya fara ne da “saitin[ting] ƙa’idodi waɗanda za mu yi fatan za a yi amfani da su gabaɗaya ga shirye-shiryen sa ido kuma za su fara sanya iyaka a kansu.”
"A bayyane yake akwai da yawa daga cikin waɗannan fasahohin: abubuwan iska da sanin fuska da duk wannan sabbin kayan koyon injin," in ji shi.
"Ka'idojin Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Hudu yakamata su shafi duk fasahohin…" ya ci gaba.
"Kun riga kun fara ganin wasu daga cikin waɗannan," in ji Stephens daga baya. "Akwai wani harka, shari’ar da ta yi nasara, a kan shirin sa ido kan iska na Baltimore a ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata, inda suke yawo da jirgin sama tare da daukar hoto, kawai suna yin fim ga kowa da kowa a babban ƙuduri, kuma kotu ta ce hakan ba daidai ba ne don haka yanzu muna son kotu ta ce [abin da ‘yan sandan Jihar Illinois] ke yi ba shi da [lafiya].”
"Wannan shine farkon yadda muke ƙirƙirar Gyara na Hudu da muke buƙata don ƙarni na 21," in ji Stephens.
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Daniel Nuccio yana da digiri na biyu a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam da ilmin halitta. A halin yanzu, yana neman digiri na uku a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Arewacin Illinois yana nazarin dangantakar dangi-microbe. Hakanan mai ba da gudummawa ne na yau da kullun ga Kwalejin Fix inda ya yi rubutu game da COVID, lafiyar hankali, da sauran batutuwa.
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